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揭示湿地生态系统演替规律和恢复潜力,为长江中下游湿地生物多样性保护与适应性管理提供科学依据。本研究以湖北石首天鹅洲国家级自然保护区为对象,于2016—2018年沿该保护区低、中、高水位梯度设置样方,分夏季(丰水期)和冬季(枯水期)开展植被调查,探究水位变化对湿地植物群落结构、物种多样性及其优势种生态位的影响。结果表明,(1)共记录湿地植物90种,隶属于33科77属,其中菊科和禾本科为优势类群;物种组成及重要值随水位梯度差异显著,且低水位区域物种丰富度最高。(2)物种多样性受水位梯度与年份的共同影响,低水位多样性在2017年丰水期因极端降水呈现“V”型波动;中水位多样性指数显著低于高、低水位,呈上升趋势;高水位多样性在枯水期最高,Pielou均匀度指数无显著差异。(3)NMDS与PERMANOVA分析显示,水位梯度和年份显著影响群落结构,枯水期水文均质化导致低、中水位群落趋同。(4)优势种生态位特征差异显著,低水位优势种生态位宽度和重叠度高,种间竞争激烈;高水位优势种生态位窄化,重叠度变化大;中水位优势种更替频繁,生态位呈阶段性重构。研究进一步揭示,水位变化通过改变资源可利用性与环境胁迫,驱动天鹅洲湿地植物群落形成“低水位高多样性-高竞争、中水位过渡抑制、高水位生态垄断”的垂直分布格局及动态演替规律。
Abstract:Water level fluctuation is a critical environmental factor shaping the structure and function of wetland plant communities, playing a vital role in understanding the succession patterns and restoration potential of wetland ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of water level changes on wetland plant community structure, species diversity, and dominant species' niche characteristics. Vegetation surveys were conducted along low-, medium-, and high-water-level gradients using established quadrats within the Hubei Shishou Swan Oxbow National Nature Reserve from 2016 to 2018. The results indicated that: (1)A total of 90 wetland plant species, belonging to 77 genera and 33 families, were recorded. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the dominant families. Species composition and importance values differed significantly across the water level gradients, with the highest species richness observed in the low-water-level zone. (2)Species diversity was jointly influenced by water level gradient and year. Diversity at the low-water level exhibited a "V-shaped" fluctuation during the 2017 wet season due to extreme flooding. Diversity at the medium-water level was significantly lower than that at the high and low levels but showed an increasing trend. Diversity at the high-water level peaked during the dry season, while the Pielou Evenness index showed no significant differences. (3)NMDS and PERMANOVA analysis indicated that both water level gradient and year significantly affected community structure. Hydrological homogenization during the dry season led to convergence in community composition between the low- and medium-water-level zones.(4)Niche characteristics of dominant species varied significantly: dominant species at the low-water level exhibited broad niche widths and high niche overlap, indicating intense interspecific competition; those at the high-water level showed niche narrowing and variable overlap; frequent species turnover and phased niche restructuring occurred among dominant species at the medium-water level. This study demonstrates that water level fluctuations, by altering resource availability and environmental stress intensity, drive a vertical distribution pattern and dynamic succession characterized by "high diversity-intense competition at low water levels, transitional suppression at medium water levels, and ecological monopoly at high water levels" in the Swan Oxbow wetland plant communities. These findings provide scientific support for biodiversity conservation and adaptive management of wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
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基本信息:
DOI:10.15928/j.1674-3075.202507180001
中图分类号:X171.1;Q948
引用信息:
[1]黄向文天,张艺,鲁燕琴,等.水位变化对石首天鹅洲湿地植物群落结构与优势种生态位的影响[J].水生态学杂志().DOI:10.15928/j.1674-3075.202507180001.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金(31170400); 荆州市荆州区菱角湖国家湿地公园管理处项目(HBCM-2023N-016)
2025-10-31
2025-10-31
2025-10-31